Complex Systems Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 11320, Boulder, CO 80301
Voice: (303) 581-9827, FAX: (303) 581-9820
Email: pboston@complex.org

(Updated September 2000)

PhD - 1985. Environmental, Population, Organismic Biology Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Microbiology and atmospheric chemistry.

MS - 1981. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Microbiology.

BS - 1979 - University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Microbiology, geology, and psychology.

1975. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. Biology and philosophy. Faculty scholar accelerated program.

1988 - Present. Director of Research for Complex Systems Research, Inc., Boulder, CO. An independent, non-profit organization that performs research and educational work as a NASA contractor, for other government agencies, and with private foundations.

1997 - Present. Research Associate Professor, Dept. of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.

1989 1997. Visiting Scientist at National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.

1986 - 1988. National Research Council Fellow at NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. Effects of biomass burning on soil microbiology and resulting increased emissions of climatically relevant trace gases to the atmosphere.

1985 - 1986. Advisor for biological sciences to the climate group at National Center for Atmospheric Research. Effect of climate change on biological refugia and isolated populations. Biological and environmental effects of global-scale disasters including bolide impact, greenhouse effect climatic modifications, and nuclear war.

1986. Consultant to NASA assessing current state of spacecraft and planetary surface life support both within and outside of NASA.

1984 Summer. NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Isotope studies of sulfur-rich microbially mediated pyrite sediments in hypersaline pools.

1982 - 1985. National Center for Atmospheric Research Fellowship. Nitrogen budgets of Colorado sub-alpine, alpine, and aeolian microbial communities and relevance to global cycling of materials. Origins of life studies on early nutrient sources. Mars life support, biological potential of other planets.

1980 - 1981 (summers). NASA Biology Intern Program. Antarctic microbiology, physiological studies of adaptations of microorganisms in Antarctic Dry Valley environments.

1980 - 1981. Teaching assistant, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Solar Technology course for junior and senior engineering and architecture students. Plant Anatomy course for juniors and seniors in biology. General Biology course for beginning biology and medical students.

1979 - 1980. Field paleontologist and specimen preparator. Environmental impact studies for Western Cultural Resource Management, Boulder, CO. Paleontological assessment studies, vegetation pattern studies.

1978 - 1979. Research associate, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO. Microbial nitrogen fixation under Mars-like atmospheric conditions, Mars climate model, Mars science literature searches.

NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Fellowship May, 2000.

National Research Council Fellowship - National Academy of Sciences, 1986-1988.

National Center for Atmospheric Research Graduate Fellowship - 1982-1985.

Space Foundation Award - Awarded for work on plants in low pressure environments and possible space applications, November, 1982. Space Foundation, Houston, TX.

Sigma Xi Research Award - Awarded for work on nitrogen fixation. May, 1982.

Boston, P.J. and Thompson, S.L. 2001. Life on the Edge. Under contract to Putnam Penguin Publ., Inc., NYNY.

Moser, D., Boston, P.J., and Harris, M. 2001. Sampling in Caves and Mines. Chapter in Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. In press.

Melim, L.A., Shinglman, K.M., Boston, P.J., Northup, D.E., Spilde, M.N., and Queen, J. M. 2001. Evidence for microbial involvement in pool finger precipitation, Hidden Cave, New Mexico. Geomicrobiology Journal. In review.

Spilde, M. and Boston, P.J. 2001. Calcitic moonmilk in Spider Cave, NM: The geo, the micro, and the biology. Geomicrobiology Journal. In review.

Boston, P.J. 2001. Caves on Mars. Icarus. In preparation.

Hose, L.D., Palmer, A.N., Palmer, M.V., Northup, D.E., Boston, P.J., and Duchene, H.R. 2000. Microbiology and geochemistry in a hydrogen sulphide-rich karst environment. Chemical Geology, in press.

Boston, P.J. 2000. Life Below and Life 'Out There'. Geotimes 45(8):14-17.

Boston, P.J. 2000. Bubbles in the rocks: Natural and artificial caves and cavities as life support structures. In, R.M. Wheeler and C. Martin-Brennan, eds. Mars Greenhouses:  Concepts and Challenges: Proceedings from a 1999 Workshop. NASA Tech. Mem 2000-208577.  August 2000, Kennedy Space Center, FL. pp. 9-17.

Boston, P.J. 2000. Editor, The Case for Mars V. American Astronautical Society, Univelt Press, Pasadena, CA.

Boston, P.J. 2000. Caves as scientific destination and human resource. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, website publication.
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/main.jsp?link=jun00_mtg&path=/library/fellows_mtg/

Boston, P.J. 1999. A bit of peace and quiet: The microbes of Lechuguilla. NSS News 57(8):237.

Boston, P.J. 1999. The Search for Extremophiles on Earth and Beyond: What is extreme here may be just business-as-usual elsewhere. Ad Astra Magazine Vol. 11, No.1, January/February 1999.

Boston, P.J. 1999. Is it Life or is it Memorex? Why humans are essential for scientific research on Mars. A theoretical and practical analysis of the risks and benefits of in situ human scientists. . In, J.A. Hiscox, Editor. Life on Mars. British Interplanetary Society, London, UK. pp. 105-112.

Lavoie, K., Northup, D., Boston, P., Blanco-Montero, C., 1998. Preliminary report on the biology of Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 60(3), 180.

Welch, S.M., Emmart, C., Boston, P.J. and Thompson, S.L. 1997. Planetdyne, Inc. IMAX formatted computer animation of the various suggested scenarios for releasing water from Mars and resulting water masses in topographical low areas. Awarded 3rd Place, New Films Category of Big Shorts 97, Film Festival of Experimentation in Large Format Film, Vancouver, BC, September, 1997.

Thompson, S.L. and Boston, P.J. 1997. Urine Mitigation With Concurrent Power Generation For Lechuguilla Cave. Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Carlsbad, New Mexico. 25pp.

Boston, P.J. 1996. Moving in on Mars: The Hitchiker's guide to Martian life support. In, C.R. Stoker and C. Emmart, eds., Strategies for Mars: A Guide to Human Exploration. Vol. 86, Science and Technology Series. pp. 327-361. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and American Astronautical Society, Univelt Press, Pasadena, CA.

Welch, S.M., Boston, P.J., Emmart, C. and Thompson, S.L. 1996. Calderaland. Computer-animated tutorial on vertical and temporal exaggeration of our current view of the planet Mars. Received Screening Award at the 1996 SIGGRAPH Video Review competition.

Thompson, S.L., Boston, P.J., Welch, S.M., and Emmart, C. 1995. Change: Global Warming and Its Effect on Forests. A computer-animated visualization of increasing carbon dioxide on vegetation patterns. Awarded placement in 1995 SIGGRAPH Video Review competition.

Boston, P.J. and Hafferty, K.H. 1995. Lacemaking and the Global Village on the Electronic Superhighway. IOLI Bulletin 16(2):18-19.

McKay, C.P., Ivanov, M., and Boston, P.J. 1994. Considering the improbable: Life underground on Mars. The Planetary Report XIV, No. 4:13-15.

Boston, P.J. 1994. Direct Visualization of Microorganisms: A Primer. Handbook and invited talk prepared for a workshop at the Breakthroughs in Karst Geomicrobiology and Redox Chemistry Symposium. Feb. 16-19, 1994, CO Springs, CO. Sponsored by the Karst Waters Inst., NSF, and the Univ. of Colorado at Colorado Springs.

Boston, Penelope. 1993. Anybody Home? The Enticing Question of Microbial Martians. Ad Astra Magazine, Nov/Dec. pp.38-41.

Boston, Penelope. 1993. Where There's Life, There's Hope: Life Sciences Connect with Biosphere 2. Mars Underground News, Vol. V, No. 4. The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA.

Thompson, S.L., Emmart, C., Welch, S.M. and Boston, P.J. 1993. Seasonal Dance. A computer-animated visualization of global climate cycles. Award winner in American Geophysical Unions 75th Anniversary Geophysical Images Contest.

McKay, C.P., Meyer, T.R., Boston, P.J., Nelson, M., MacCallum, T. and Gwynne, O. 1993. Utilizing Martian resources for Life Support. Chapter in Resources of Near Earth Space. pp.819-843. U. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, AZ.

Boston, P.J., Ivanov, M.V., and McKay, C.P. 1992. On the possibility of chemosynthetic ecosystems in subsurface habitats on Mars. Icarus 95:300-308.

Schneider, S.H. and Boston, P.J. 1991 and 1993. Editors. Scientists On Gaia. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 433pp. The softcover edition was released in 1993.

Boston, P.J. and Thompson, S.L. 1991. Theoretical microbial and vegetation control of planetary environments. In, Scientists on Gaia. pp. 99-117. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Stoker, C.R., Boston, P.J., Mancinelli, R.R., Segal, W., Khare, B.N. and Sagan, C. 1990. Microbial metabolism of tholin. Icarus 85:241-256.

Boston, P.J. 1990. Voyage Through the Universe Series by Time-Life Books - Consultant on the volumes dealing with Mars missions and terraforming.

Boston, P.J. 1989. Gaia: A new look at global ecology and evolution. In, S.F. Singer, ed., Global Climate Change: Human and Natural Influences. pp. 385-400. Paragon House Publishers, New York.

Boston, P.J. 1989. Mir space station. F.N. Magill, ed., Magill's Survey of Science: Space Exploration Series. pp. 1025-1031. Salem Press, Inc., Pasadena, CA.

Boston, P.J. 1989. Space Shuttle living conditions. F.N. Magill, ed., Magill's Survey of Science: Space Exploration Series. pp. 1634-1640. Salem Press, Inc., Pasadena, CA.

Levine, J.S., Rinsland, C.P., Chameides, W.L., Boston, P.J., Cofer, W.R., and Brimblecombe, P. 1989. Trace gases in the atmosphere of Mars: An indication of microbial life. In, C.R. Stoker, ed. The Case for Mars III: Strategies for Exploration - Technical. Vol. 75 Science and Technology Series, American Astronautical Society. pp. 277-282. Univelt, San Diego, CA.

Cofer, W.R. III., Levine, J.S., Sebacher, D.I., Winstead, E.L., Riggan, P.J., Stocks, B.J., Brass, J.A., Ambrosia, V.G., and Boston, P.J. 1989. Trace gas emissions from chaparral and boreal forest fires. J. Geophys. Res. 94:2255-2259.

Levine, J.S., Cofer, W.R., Sebacher, D.I., Winstead, E.L., Sebacher, S., and Boston, P.J. 1988. The effects of fire on biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 3:445-449.

Boston, P.J. 1988. Mars mission life support. In, The NASA Mars Conference. Vol. 71, Science and Technology Series, D.B. Reiber, ed. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Astronautical Society, Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J., Sebacher, D.I., Levine, J.S., Cofer, W.R. III, Sebacher, S., and Winstead, E.L. 1987. Biogenic emissions of NO and N₂O from soil: The microbial community and surface burning. EOS 68(44):1224.

Boston, P.J. 1987. Reduction Of N2O Emissions After Burning: The Florida Everglades. Prepared for the National Park Service, Homestead, FL. Presented at Chapman Conference on Global Burning, Williamsburg, VA, 1989.

Modell, M., Boston P.J., and Russell, P. 1986. Background Paper for the Workshop on Advanced Life Support Systems for Missions to Extraterrestrial Bodies. American Institute for Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. 1986. Contribution of atmospheric nitrogen to the nitrogen budget of a microbial community. Abstr. Fourth Int'l Symp. Microbiol. Ecol. p.54. Int'l Counc. Microbiol. Ecol., Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.

Boston, P.J. 1986. Human factors. pp. 77-93. In, S.M. Welch and C.R. Stoker, eds., The Case for Mars: Concept Development for a Mars Research Station. JPL Publication 86-28. Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA and NASA.

Stoker, C.R., Grossman, R.L., and Boston, P.J. 1986. Science and exploration. pp. 17-45. Ibid.

McKay, C.P., Meyer, T.R., and Boston, P.J. 1986. Mars base infrastructure. pp. 95-108. Ibid.

Boston, P.J. 1985. Nitrogen Budgets of Alpine and Aeolian Rocky Mountain Sites. PhD Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Also published as, NCAR Cooperative Thesis #90, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.

Boston, P.J. 1985. Critical life sciences issues for a Mars base. In, C.P. McKay, ed., The Case for Mars, II.. Vol. 62, Science and Technology Series. pp. 287-332. Amer. Astronaut. Soc., San Diego, CA.

Stoker, C.R., Moore, J.M., Grossman, R.L., and Boston, P.J. 1985. Scientific program for a Mars base. pp. 255-285. Ibid.

Klug, M., Boston, P.J., Francois, R., Gyure, R., Javor, B., Tribble, G., and Vairavamurthy, R., 1985. Sulfur reduction in sediments of marine and evaporite environments. In, The Global Sulfur Cycle. NASA Technical Memorandum 87570. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.

Stoker, C.R. and Boston, P.J. 1984. Energy sources, nutrients and environmental limits to the growth of contaminating terrestrial microorganisms on Jupiter. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 16(3):649.

Boston, P.J. 1984. Editor, The Case for Mars. Vol. 57, Science and Technology Series. Amer. Astronaut. Soc., San Diego, CA.

Boston, P.J. and Stoker, C.R. 1983. Microbial metabolism of organic molecules produced by chemical synthesis in a reducing atmosphere: Implications for the origin of life. In, R.O. Pepin and R. O'Connell, eds., Planetary Volatiles, pp. 31-39. Vol. 83-01. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX.

Boston, P.J., Stoker, C.R., Khare, B.N. and Sagan, C. 1983. Metabolism of tholins by microorganisms: Implications for spacecraft contamination. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 15(3):843.

Boston, P.J. and Segal, W. 1983. Microbial/atmosphere exchange of nitrogen compounds in mountain soil communities. Abstr. Third Int'l Symp. Microb. Ecol. p.35. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. and Segal, W. 1983. Nitrogen cycling between the high alpine microbial soil community and the overlying atmosphere. Abstr. Ann. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., p.231. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. 1981. Low-pressure greenhouses and plants for a manned research station on Mars. J. Brit. Interplan. Soc. 34:189-192. Reprinted in, P.M. Bainum, ed., Space in the 1980's and Beyond. Vol. 53, Space and Teachnology Series. pp. 253-265. Amer. Astronaut. Soc., Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. 1981. Chemostat Competition Experiments With Indigenous Antarctic Yeasts. Planetary Biology Intern Program, Boston University, Boston, MA and NASA, Washington, D.C.

Carpenter, K. and Boston, P.J. 1980. Paleontology of Two Fossil Sites Along the Pan Alberta Pipeline Near Hagerman, Idaho. Prepared in compliance with the Paleontological Resources Protection Act and other federal regulations for Northwest Pipeline Corp., Salt Lake City, UT. Western Cultural Resources Management, Inc., Boulder, CO.

Lennon, T.J., Carpenter, K. and Boston, P.J. 1980. Paleontology of the Dave Johnson Mine, Converse County, Wyoming. Prepared in compliance with the Paleontological Resources Protection Act and other federal regulations for Northern Energy Resource Company. Western Cultural Resources Management, Inc., Boulder, CO.

Carpenter, K. and Boston, P.J. 1979. Paleontological Survey of Ft. Carson Military Reservation, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Prepared in compliance with Army Regulation 200-1 (Environmental Protection and Enhancement). University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, CO.

Bauman, L., Boston, P.J., LeCompte, M., and McKay, C.P. 1979. The Preliminary Report of the LASP Mars Study Project. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.

Boston, P.J. 2000. A Garden Inside Out: Microbial mats in springs, wall muds, and ceiling formations of a sulfur-dominated cave, Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico. Geomicrobiology Special Symposium, National Speleological Society Annual Convention, Elkins, WV. 26-31 July, 2000.

Boston, P.J. 2000. Higher Than the Sky, Deeper Than the Ocean Microbiology and Gaia. Gaia 2000 Conference. June 19-24, 2000. Valencia, Spain.

Boston, P.J. 2000. The extraterrestrial subsurface as scientific target and exploration resource. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Fellows Meeting 6-7 June 2000. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD.

Boston, P.J. 1998. What you always wanted to know about Caves but were afraid to ask! Invited presentation at the Spread of Life Beyond Its Planet of Origin workshop, NASA Astrobiology Institute, June, 1998. NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.

Boston, P.J. 1996. Life is Tough! Keynote presentation in the Percival Lowell Lecture Series, Nov., 1996 at Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ.

Boston, P.J., Ivanov, M.V., and McKay, C.P. 1991. Subsurface microbial habitats on Mars: A last refuge of life? Invited presentation at the Frontiers of Life, the Third "Recontres de Blois", Oct. 14-19, 1991, Chateau de Blois, France.

Boston, P.J. 1989. Human Missions to Mars. Keynote banquet speaker, Space C3I: Key to Tomorrows Assured Space Operations. United States Air Force Academy, United States Space Command, and Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Assn. Colorado Springs, CO.

Boston, P.J. 1989. Reduction of N2O emissions after burning: The Florida Everglades. Chapman Conference on Global Burning, Williamsburg, VA, 1989.

Boston, P.J. 1988. Nitrogen losses and general leakiness in ecosystems after burning. Invited presentation at the Workshop on Wildfire Severity and Global Climate Change. September 29-October 1, 1988, Nat. Cent. for Atmospheric Res., Boulder, CO.

McKay, C.P., Mancinelli, R.L., Stoker, C.R., Carle, G.C., Wharton, R.A., and Boston, P.J. 1988. Exobiology instruments/experiments for future Mars missions. . Invited paper at COSPAR, Helsinki, Finland, July, 1988.

Boston, P.J. and Thompson, S.L. 1988. Possible microbial impacts on the atmosphere and climate: A catalogue for the designer. Invited talk. Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis. San Diego, CA, March, 1988.

Boston, P.J. 1987. Are human investigators needed on Mars to study biology and paleontology? Invited talk. Case for Mars, III., Boulder, CO, July, 1987.

Levine, J.S., Rinsland, C.P., Chameides, W.L., Boston, P.J., and Cofer, W.R. 1987. Spectroscopic and in situ trace gas measurements: A possible indicator of microbial life on Mars. Case for Mars, III., Boulder, CO, July, 1987.

Boston, P.J. and Thompson, S.L. 1986. Microorganisms and global climate. All-Union Session on Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 1986.

Boston, P.J. and Stoker, C.R. 1984. Is there a free lunch after the origin of life? Gordon Research Conference on the Origin of Life, New Hampshire, August, 1984.

Boston, P.J. 1984. Effects of above ambient CO₂ and nitric acid on growth and morphology of calcareous plankton. Natural Variations in Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle. American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference, Tarpon Springs, Florida, January, 1984.

Boston, P.J. and Stoker, C.R. 1984. Carbon in a primitive heterotrophic biosphere. Natural Variations in Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle. American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference, Tarpon Springs, Florida, January, 1984.

Boston, P.J., Stoker, C.R., Segal, W., Khare, B.N., and Sagan, C. 1983. Growth of contemporary aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms on spark tholin. 7th Int'l Conference on the Origins of Life, Mainz, F.D.R., July, 1983.

Stoker, C.R. and Boston, P.J. 1983. Sustaining a primitive heterotrophic biosphere: Implications for conditions on the primitive Earth. 7th Int'l Conference on the Origins of Life, Mainz, F.D.R., July, 1983.

Boston, P.J., Stoker, C., Segal, W., Khare, B.N., and Sagan, C. 1982. Growth of microorganisms on organic material synthesized in a reducing atmoshere. XIII Int'l Microb. Congr., p. 112. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. 1982. N₂ fixation in Mars-like atmospheric conditions. Abstr. Ann. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., p. 97, Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C.

Boston, P.J. 1980. Plants grown under low atmospheric pressures: Applications to a Mars Base. 17th European Space Symposium, London, June, 1980.

Boston, P.J. 1979. The nitrogen-fixing behavior of Azotobacter beijerinckia and Beijerinckia lacticogenes under Mars-like atmospheric conditions. Planetary Engineering Special Session, held at the Tenth Lunar and Planetary Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, March 21, 1979, Houston, TX.

Boston, P.J. and Corn, M.A. 1979. Problems of the Martian environment as an abode of life. Agricultural vascular plants for low-pressure Martian greenhouses. Ibid.

Boston, P.J., Corn, M.A., and McKay, C.P. 1979. Planetary engineering of Mars and the biological control of planetary engineering. Invited talk. Ibid.

OTHER SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

NASA Workshop, The Science of Terraforming Mars. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Program committee. October 10-12, 2000.

NASA Workshop, Ecosynthesis: Creating Open and Closed Ecosystems on Mars. Synergia Ranch, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Organizer. September 28-30, 2000.

Special Presidential Representative from the National Speleological Society to the National Cave and Karst Research Institute, Carlsbad, NM. June 2000 May 2002.

Scientific Aspects of Planetary Homeostasis: Gaia Revisited. American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference - Co-convenor and organizer. Valencia, Spain. June 19-24, 2000.

Astrobiology Curriculum for Middle and High School Extreme Life. Consultant and website "scientist-host". TERC Educational Technologies, Cambridge, MA. June Dec., 2000.

Nasa Astrobiology Roadmap Taskforce team-member. NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. July December,1998.

20th Anniversary of the Viking Mission to Mars Commemorative Celebration - Committee member. NASA HQ, Washington, DC. July, 1996.

Case for Mars V - Program committee and editor of proceedings. May 26-29, 1993.

Mars Institute Advisory Board. Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA. 1989 1996.

Boulder Center for Science and Policy, Boulder, CO. Board of Directors. 1983 Present.

Case for Mars IV - Organizing committee. June, 1990.

Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis - Co-convenor and organizer, March, 1988, San Diego, CA. Sponsored by the American Geophysical Union, the National Science Foundation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Case for Mars III - Life sciences program chair, July, 1987, Boulder, CO. Sponsored by the American Astronautical Society and The Planetary Society.

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), United Nations - Meeting to assess the impact of nuclear war on the environment. Biological Issues working group. Bangkok, Thailand, March, 1987.

Workshop on Advanced Life Support Systems for Missions to Extraterrestrial Bodies - Co-organizer and participant. August, 1986, Cape Cod, MA. Sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Institute for Biological Sciences.

SCOPE meeting to assess the effects of nuclear war on the environment and climate. Task-force. Hiroshima, Japan and United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. Feb., 1985.

Case for Mars II - Conference organizer and program consultant, July, 1984, Boulder, CO.

Case for Mars (I) - Principal conference organizer, editor of the proceedings. Meeting to assess the continued exploration of the planet Mars. April, 1981, Boulder, CO.

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Formation of Planets and Their Atmospheres - March, 1981, Newcastle, U.K. Sponsored student participant.

Winter Intensive Course on Atmospheric Chemistry - January, 1981, University of California, Irvine, CA. Sponsored student participant.

17th European Space Symposium - June, 1980, London, U.K. Plants grown under low atmospheric pressures: Applications to a Mars base. Sponsored participant.

Special Session on Planetary Engineering, 10th Annual Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference - Co-chair and organizer, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.

COMMUNITY SERVICE AND EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH

1988 to Present - Volunteer in the grades k-12 Colorado Alliance for Science sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Serve as an expert contact for teachers through the Colorado Mathematics and Science Teaching Hotline. Coach gifted children. Mentor for girls of middle school and high school age. Serve as advisor for science fair projects, judge, science day panels, etc.

Ongoing - Frequent public speaker on the topics of global environmental problems, the role of biology in future climate change, and space exploration issues for public groups, university and college classes, planetaria, etc.

1994 through 1997 - Speaker and teacher for the Niwot Elementary School Science Garden, Niwot, CO.

1994 through 1998 - President of the Rocky Mountain Lace Guild. Organization devoted to the study and practice of lacemaking both historically and currently in the Rocky Mountain West.

1992 through 1993 - Boulder County School District Task Force on Revision of Science Curriculum. Task force member involved with writing proficiency requirements for students at each grade K-12.

1983 Designed and taught a 9 week science enrichment program on the topics of cellular biology, genetic engineering and space biology to gifted 4th, 5th and 6th grade children at Whittier Elementary, Boulder, CO.

1979 Designed and taught a 3 month science enrichment program for grades K-6 elementary school children, Mapleton Elementary, Boulder, CO. Topics included astronomy, planets, Mars and Jupiter, geology and biology.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

American Society for Microbiology

American Geophysical Union

Sigma Xi Research Society - Life Member

International Society for Study of Origins of Life

American Mineralogical Society

Geological Society of America

National Speleological Society Life Member